Succession levels in xerarch (xerosere/lithosere) are : (i) Lichen stage, e.g., Crustose lichens followed by foliose lichens. (ii) Moss stage, e.g., Tortula, Polytrichum (iii) Annual grass stage, e.g., Cymbopogon (iv) Perennial herb and shrub stage, e.g., Rubus, Capparis, Zizyphus. (v) Climax community, e.g., Forests with herbs, shrubs and trees.