(a) $\alpha = \frac{\mathrm{\Delta}L}{L_{0}(\mathrm{\Delta}\theta)} = \frac{0.19}{100(100 - 0)} = 1.9 \times 10^{- 5}/℃$ Now $\gamma = 3\alpha = 3 \times 1.9 \times 10^{- 5}/℃ = 5.7 \times 10^{- 5}/℃$
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