(a) Here, $T = 4.47 \times 10^{9}yr$
$\frac{N}{N_{0}} = \frac{60}{100} = \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^{n}or\ 2^{n} = \frac{10}{6}$
$n\log{2 = \log{10 - \log{6 = 1 - 0.778 = 0.222}}}$
$n = \frac{0.222}{\log 2} = \frac{0.222}{0.3} = 0.74$
$t = nT = 0.74 \times 4.47 \times 10^{9}yr$
$= 3.3 \times 10^{9}yr$