(a)
Pauling scale is based upon the excess bond energies. Pauling equation for determining the electronegativity of an element is
$X_{A} - X_{B} = 0.208\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta}}$
where, $X_{A},\ X_{B} =$electronegativity values of elemnt A and B
$\mathrm{\Delta}$=polarity of $A - B$ bond.