(a)
Let the number of participants at the beginning was $n$
$\therefore\ \ \ \ \ \ \frac{n(n - 1)}{2} = 117 - 12$
$\Rightarrow \ \ \ n(n - 1) = 2 \times 105$
$\Rightarrow \ \ \ \ n^{2} - n - 210 = 0$
$\Rightarrow \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (n - 15)(n + 14) = 0$
$\Rightarrow \ \ \ \ \ n = 15\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \lbrack\because n \neq - 14\rbrack$