(a)
$\therefore\ \frac{( - 1)^{r}}{\ ^{n}C_{r}} = \frac{n + 1}{n + 2}\left( \frac{( - 1)^{r}}{\ ^{n + 1}C_{r + 1}} - \frac{( - 1)^{r - 1}}{\ ^{n + 1}C_{r}} \right)$
$\Rightarrow \ \ \sum_{r = 0}^{n}{a_{r} =}\frac{n + 1}{n + 2}\left( 1 + ( - 1)^{n} \right)$