(a) $\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}\frac{x^{8} - 2x + 1}{x^{4} - 2x + 1} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}\frac{8x^{7} - 2}{4x^{3} - 2}$ $= \frac{8 - 2}{4 - 2} = 3$ [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
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