(b) Let $\tan^{- 1}{x = t}$ $\Rightarrow \ \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}dx = dt$ $\therefore\ \int_{}^{}{\frac{({\tan^{- 1}{x)}}^{3}}{1 + x^{2}}dx = \int_{}^{}{t^{3}dt}}$ $= \frac{t^{4}}{4} + c = \frac{({\tan^{- 1}{x)}}^{4}}{4} + c$
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Ph.D. in Physics with 19+ years of teaching experience.