Explanation

The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization, while the mode of formation of new individuals from specialized or non-specialized parts of the parent without meiosis or fusion of gametes is called the asexual reproduction. Apogamy is a type of asexual reproduction, in which sporophyte is directly formed from a gametophyte without involving the formation and fusion of gmetes. Funicle is the stalk of ovule. The point of attachment to the body of ovule with the funiculus is known as hilum. A raphe or longitudinal ridge is formed by the fusion of funiculus with the body of ovule.