NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7

Equilibrium Class 11

Chapter 7 Equilibrium Exercise Solutions

 Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 224                                                                                                                     

Q1 :

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.

a)  What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?

b)  How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?

c)  What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?

Answer :

(a)  If the volume of the container is suddenly increased, then the vapour pressure would decrease initially. This is because the amount of vapour remains the same, but the volume increases suddenly. As a result, the same amount of vapour is distributed in a larger volume.

(b)  Since the temperature is constant, the rate of evaporation also remains constant. When the volume of the container is increased, the density of the vapour phase decreases. As a result, the rate of collisions of the vapour particles also decreases. Hence, the rate of condensation decreases initially.

(c) 

Q2 :

Answer :

The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the give reaction is:

Q3 :

At a certain temperature and total pressure of 105 Pa, iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of I atoms

Calculate Kpfor the equilibrium.

Answer :

Partial pressure of I atoms,

Partial pressure of I2 molecules,

Now, for the given reaction,

Q4 :

Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Answer :

Q5 :

Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value of Kp:

Answer :

The relation between Kp  and Kc is given as:

Kp = Kc (RT)Δn

(a)  Here,

Δn = 3 - 2 = 1

R = 0.0831 barLmol-1K-1

T = 500 K

Kp = 1.8 x 10-2

Now,

Kp = Kc (RT) Δn

(b)  Here,

Δn = 2 - 1 = 1

R = 0.0831 barLmol-1K-1

T = 1073 K

Kp= 167

Now,

Kp = Kc (RT) Δn

Q6 :

For the following equilibrium,

Both the forward and reverse reactions in the equilibrium are elementary bimolecular reactions. What is Kc, for the reverse reaction?

Answer :

It is given that           for the forward reaction is Then, for the reverse reaction will be,

Q7 :

Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant expression?

Answer :

For a pure substance (both solids and liquids),

Q8 :

Reaction between N2 and O2 takes place as follows:

If a mixture of 0.482 mol of N2 and 0.933 mol of O2 is placed in a 10 L reaction vessel and allowed to form N2O at a temperature for which Kc = 2.0 × 10–37, determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.

Answer :

Therefore, at equilibrium, in the 10 L vessel:

The value of equilibrium constant i.e.,          = 2.0 × 10–37 is very small. Therefore, the amount of N2 and O2 reacted is also very small. Thus, x can be neglected from the expressions of molar concentrations of N2 and O2.

Then,

Now,

Q9 :

Nitric oxide reacts with Br2 and gives nitrosyl bromide as per reaction given below:

When 0.087 mol of NO and 0.0437 mol of Br2 are mixed in a closed container at constant temperature, 0.0518 mol of NOBr is obtained at equilibrium. Calculate equilibrium amount of NO and Br2.

Answer :

The given reaction is:

Now, 2 mol of NOBr are formed from 2 mol of NO. Therefore, 0.0518 mol of NOBr are formed from 0.0518 mol of NO. Again, 2 mol of NOBr are formed from 1 mol of Br.

Therefore, 0.0518 mol of NOBr are formed from                   mol of Br, or 0.0259 mol of NO.

The amount of NO and Br present initially is as follows: [NO] = 0.087 mol [Br2] = 0.0437 mol

Therefore, the amount of NO present at equilibrium is: [NO] = 0.087 – 0.0518

= 0.0352 mol

And, the amount of Br present at equilibrium is: [Br2] = 0.0437 – 0.0259

Q10 :

At 450 K, Kp= 2.0 × 1010/bar for the given reaction at equilibrium.

What is Kc at this temperature?

Answer :

For the given reaction, Δn = 2 – 3 = – 1

T = 450 K

R = 0.0831 bar L bar K–1 mol–1

= 2.0 × 1010 bar –1

We know that,

Q11 :

Answer :

The initial concentration of HI is 0.2 atm. At equilibrium, it has a partial pressure of 0.04 atm. Therefore, a decrease in the pressure of HI is 0.2 – 0.04 = 0.16. The given reaction is:

Therefore,

Q12 :

A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13 mol of NH3 is introduced into a 20 L reaction vessel at 500

K. At this temperature, the equilibrium constant, Kc for the

reaction

Is the reaction mixture at equilibrium? If not, what is the direction of the net reaction?

Answer :

The given reaction is:

Now, reaction quotient Qc is:

Since                    , the reaction mixture is not at equilibrium.

Q13 :

The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is,

Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.

Answer :

The balanced chemical equation corresponding to the given expression can be written as:

Q14 :

One mole of H2O and one mole of CO are taken in 10 L vessel and heated to

725 K. At equilibrium 40% of water (by mass) reacts with CO according to the equation,

Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.

Answer :

The given reaction is:

Therefore, the equilibrium constant for the reaction,

Q15 :

At 700 K, equilibrium constant for the reaction

is 54.8. If 0.5 molL–1 of HI(g) is present at equilibrium at 700 K, what are the concentration of H2(g) and I2(g)assuming that we initially started with HI(g) and allowed it to reach equilibrium at 700 K?

Answer :

It is given that equilibrium constant        for the reaction

is 54.8.

Therefore, at equilibrium, the equilibrium constant         for the reaction

will be              .

Let the concentrations of hydrogen and iodine at equilibrium be x molL–1

.

Q16 :

What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the equilibrium when the initial concentration of ICl was 0.78 M?

2 ICl(g) ⇌ I2(g) + Cl2(g) ; KC = 0.14

Answer :

The given reaction is:

2 ICl(g)    ⇌ I2(g) + Cl2(g)

Hence, at equilibrium,

Q17 :

Kp = 0.04 atm at 899 K for the equilibrium shown below. What is the equilibrium concentration of C2H6when it is placed in a flask at 4.0 atm pressure and allowed to come to equilibrium?

Answer :

We can write,

Hence, at equilibrium,

Q18 :

Ethyl acetate is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid and the equilibrium is represented as:

(i)  Write the concentration ratio (reaction quotient), Qc, for this reaction (note: water is not in excess and is not a solvent in this reaction)

(ii)  At 293 K, if one starts with 1.00 mol of acetic acid and 0.18 mol of ethanol, there is 0.171 mol of ethyl acetate in the final equilibrium mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant.

(iii)  Starting with 0.5 mol of ethanol and 1.0 mol of acetic acid and maintaining it at 293 K, 0.214 mol of ethyl acetate is found after sometime. Has equilibrium been reached?

Answer :

(i)  Reaction quotient,

(ii)  Let the volume of the reaction mixture be V. Also, here we will consider that water is a solvent and is present in excess.

The given reaction is:

Therefore, equilibrium constant for the given reaction is:

(iii)  Let the volume of the reaction mixture be V.

Therefore, the reaction quotient is,

Q19 :

A sample of pure PCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was attained, concentration of PCl5 was found to be 0.5 × 10–1 mol L–1. If value of Kc is 8.3 × 10–3, what are the concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium?

Answer :

Let the concentrations of both PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium be x molL–1. The given reaction is:

Now we can write the expression for equilibrium as:

Therefore, at equilibrium,

Q20 :

One of the reactions that takes place in producing steel from iron ore is the reduction of iron (II) oxide by carbon monoxide to give iron metal and CO2.

FeO (s) + CO (g)                 Fe (s) + CO2 (g); Kp= 0.265 at 1050 K.

What are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO2 at 1050 K if the initial partial pressures are: pCO = 1.4 atm and                            = 0.80 atm?

Answer :

For the given reaction,

Since                   , the reaction will proceed in the backward direction.

Therefore, we can say that the pressure of CO will increase while the pressure of CO2 will decrease. Now, let the increase in pressure of CO = decrease in pressure of CO2 be p.

Then, we can write,

Therefore, equilibrium partial of And, equilibrium partial pressure of

Q21 :

Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction

at 500 K is 0.061.

At a particular time, the analysis shows that composition of the reaction mixture is 3.0 mol L–1 N2, 2.0 mol L–1H2 and 0.5 mol L–1 NH3. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not in which direction does the reaction tend to proceed to reach equilibrium?

Answer :

The given reaction is:

Now, we know that,

Since                    , the reaction is not at equilibrium.

Q22 :

Bromine monochloride, BrCl decomposes into bromine and chlorine and reaches the equilibrium:

for which Kc= 32 at 500 K. If initially pure BrCl is present at a concentration of 3.3 × 10–3 molL–1, what is its molar concentration in the mixture at equilibrium?

Answer :

Let the amount of bromine and chlorine formed at equilibrium be x. The given reaction is:

Now, we can write,

Therefore, at equilibrium,

Q23 :

At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO2 in equilibrium with solid carbon has 90.55% CO by mass

Calculate Kc for this reaction at the above temperature.

Answer :

Let the total mass of the gaseous mixture be 100 g. Mass of CO = 90.55 g

And, mass of CO2 = (100 – 90.55) = 9.45 g

Now, number of moles of CO,

Number of moles of CO 2, Partial pressure of CO,

Partial pressure of CO2,

For the given reaction, Δn = 2 – 1 = 1

We know that,

Q24 :

Calculate a) ΔG°and b) the equilibrium constant for the formation of NO2 from NO and O2 at 298 K

where ΔfG° (NO2) = 52.0 kJ/mol ΔfG° (NO) = 87.0 kJ/mol

ΔfG° (O2) = 0 kJ/mol

Answer :

(a)  For the given reaction,

ΔG° = ΔG°( Products) – ΔG°( Reactants) ΔG° = 52.0 – {87.0 + 0}

= – 35.0 kJ mol–1

(b)  We know that, ΔG° = RT log Kc

ΔG° = 2.303 RT log Kc

Q25 :

Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain same when each of the following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?

(a)

(b)

(c)  

Answer :

(a)  The number of moles of reaction products will increase. According to Le Chatelier's principle, if pressure is decreased, then the equilibrium shifts in the direction in which the number of moles of gases is more. In the given reaction, the number of moles of gaseous products is more than that of gaseous reactants. Thus, the reaction will proceed in the forward direction. As a result, the number of moles of reaction products will increase.

(b)  The number of moles of reaction products will decrease.

(c) 

Q26 :

Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure?

Also, mention whether change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction. (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)  

(vi) 

Answer :

The reactions given in (i), (iii), (iv), (v), and (vi) will get affected by increasing the pressure.

The reaction given in (iv) will proceed in the forward direction because the number of moles of gaseous reactants is more than that of gaseous products.

Q27 :

The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 1.6 ×105 at 1024 K.

Find the equilibrium pressure of all gases if 10.0 bar of HBr is introduced into a sealed container at 1024 K.

Answer :

Given,

for the reaction i.e.,

Therefore, for the reaction                                                                the equilibrium constant will be,

Now, let p be the pressure of both H2 and Br2 at equilibrium.

Now, we can write,

Therefore, at equilibrium,

Q28 :

Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following endothermic reaction:

(a)  Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.

(b)  How will the values of Kp and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by

(i)  Increasing the pressure

(ii)  Increasing the temperature

(iii)  Using a catalyst?

Answer :

(a)  For the given reaction,

(b)  (i) According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.

(ii)  According to Le Chatelier's principle, as the reaction is endothermic, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction.

(iii) 

Q29 :

Describe the effect of:

a)  Addition of H2

b)  Addition of CH3OH

c)  Removal of CO

d)  Removal of CH3OH

on the equilibrium of the reaction:

Answer :

(a)  According to Le Chatelier's principle, on addition of H2, the equilibrium of the given reaction will shift in the forward direction.

(b)  On addition of CH3OH, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.

(c)  On removing CO, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.

(d) 

Q30 :

At 473 K, equilibrium constant Kc for decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5 is 8.3 ×10-3. If decomposition is depicted as,

ΔrH° = 124.0 kJmol–1

a)  Write an expression for Kc for the reaction.

b)  What is the value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature?

c)  What would be the effect on Kc if (i) more PCl5 is added (ii) pressure is increased? (iii) The temperature is increased?

Answer :

(a)

(b)  Value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature is:

(c)  (i) Kc would remain the same because in this case, the temperature remains the same.

(ii)  Kc is constant at constant temperature. Thus, in this case, Kc would not change.

(iii) 

Q31 :

Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as Lewis acid/base:

(a) OH- (b) F- (c) H+  (d) BCl3.

Answer :

(a)  OH- is a Lewis base since it can donate its lone pair of electrons.

(b)  F- is a Lewis base since it can donate a pair of electrons.

(c)  H+ is a Lewis acid since it can accept a pair of electrons.

(d) 

Q32 :

The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 x 10-3 M. what is its pH?

Answer :

Given,

pH value of soft drink

Q33 :

The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion in it.

Answer :

Given, pH = 3.76

It is known that,

Q34 :

The ionization constant of HF, HCOOH and HCN at 298K are 6.8 x 10-4, 1.8 x 10-4 and 4.8 x 10-9 respectively. Calculate the ionization constants of the corresponding conjugate base.

Answer :

It is known that,

Given,

Ka of HF = 6.8 × 10–4

Hence, Kb of its conjugate base F–

Given,

Ka of HCOOH = 1.8 × 10–4

Hence, Kb of its conjugate base HCOO–

Given,

Ka of HCN = 4.8 × 10–9

Hence, Kb of its conjugate base CN–

Q35 :

The ionization constant of phenol is 1.0 x 10-10. What is the concentration of phenolate ion in 0.05 M solution of phenol? What will be its degree of ionization if the solution is also 0.01M in sodium phenolate?

Answer :

Ionization of phenol:

Now, let ∠be the degree of ionization of phenol in the presence of 0.01 M C6H5ONa.

Also,

Q36 :

The first ionization constant of H2S is 9.1 x 10-8. Calculate the concentration of HS- ion in its 0.1 M solution. How will this concentration be affected if the solution is 0.1 M in HCl also? If the second dissociation constant of H2S is 1.2 x 10-13, calculate the concentration of S2- under both conditions.

Answer :

(i)  To calculate the concentration of HS– ion:

Case I (in the absence of HCl):

Let the concentration of HS–  be x M.

Case II (in the presence of HCl):

In the presence of 0.1 M of HCl, let                   be y M.

(ii)  To calculate the concentration of              :

Case I (in the absence of 0.1 M HCl):

(From first ionization, case I)

Let

Also,                                                (From first ionization, case I)

Case II (in the presence of 0.1 M HCl):

Again, let the concentration of HS–  be X' M.

(From first ionization, case II) (From HCl, case II)

Q37 :

Dihydrogen gas used in Haber's process is produced by reacting methane from natural gas with high temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction involves the formation of CO and H2. In second stage, CO formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in water gas shift reaction,

If a reaction vessel at 400°C is charged with an equimolar mixture of CO and steam such

that                                4.0 bar, what will be the partial pressure of H2 at equilibrium? Kp= 10.1 at 400°C

Answer :

Let the partial pressure of both carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas be p. The given reaction is:

It is Now,

Q38 :

Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of reactants and products: a)

b)

c)

Answer :

Q39 :

The value of Kc for the reaction 3O2 (g)                             2O3 (g)

is 2.0 ×10–50 at 25°C. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 in air at 25°C is 1.6 ×10–2, what is the concentration of O3?

Answer :

The given reaction is:

Then, we have,

Q40 :

The reaction, CO(g) + 3H2(g)               CH4(g) + H2O(g) is at equilibrium at 1300 K in a 1L flask. It also contain

0.30 mol of CO, 0.10 mol of H2 and 0.02 mol of H2O and an unknown amount of CH4 in the flask. Determine the concentration of CH4 in the mixture. The equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction at the given temperature is 3.90.

Answer :

Let the concentration of methane at equilibrium be x.

It is given that Kc= 3.90. Therefore,

Q41 :

What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following species:

Answer :

A conjugate acid-base pair is a pair that differs only by one proton.

The conjugate acid-base for the given species is mentioned in the table below.

Species                                                            Conjugate acid-base

HNO2                                                                                                                                         

CN–                                                                                                                                             HCN (acid)

HClO4                                                                                                                                        

F–                                                                                                                                                    HF (acid)

OH–                                                                                                                            H2O (acid) /O2–   (base)

S2–                                                                                                                                                  HS–   (acid)

Q42 :

Which of the followings are Lewis acids? H2O, BF3, H+, and

Answer :

Q43 :

What will be the conjugate bases for the Brönsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3?

Answer :

The table below lists the conjugate bases for the given Bronsted acids.

Bronsted acid                                                          Conjugate base

HF                                                                              F–

H2SO4                                                                                                                                                   

Q44 :

Answer :

The table below lists the conjugate acids for the given Bronsted bases.

Bronsted base                                                          Conjugate acid

                                                                                                       NH3 NH3                                                                                                                                                                    

HCOO–                                                                                                                                           HCOOH

Q45 :

The species: H2O,                               , and NH3 can act both as Brönsted acids and bases. For each case give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.

Answer :

The table below lists the conjugate acids and conjugate bases for the given species.

Species                               Conjugate acid                                         Conjugate base

H2O                                           H3O+                                                                                                                       OH–                                                                                                     H2CO3                                                                                                                                                                                                                         H2SO4                                                                                                                  

NH3                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Q46 :

The ionization constant of acetic acid is 1.74 x 10-5. Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid in its

0.05 M solution. Calculate the concentration of acetate ion in the solution and its pH.

Answer : Method 1

Since Ka >> Kw, :

Method 2

Degree of dissociation,

c = 0.05 M

Ka = 1.74 × 10–5

Thus, concentration of CH3COO– = c.α

Q47 :

It has been found that the pH of a 0.01M solution of an organic acid is 4.15. Calculate the concentration of the anion, the ionization constant of the acid and its pKa.

Answer :

Let the organic acid be HA.

Concentration of HA = 0.01 M pH = 4.15

Now,

Then,

Q48 :

Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions: (a) 0.003 M HCl                            (b) 0.005 M NaOH       (c) 0.002 M HBr       (d) 0.002 M KOH

Answer :

(i)  0.003MHCl:

Since HCl is completely ionized,

Now,

Hence, the pH of the solution is 2.52.

(ii)  0.005MNaOH:

Hence, the pH of the solution is 11.70.

(iii)  0.002 HBr:

Hence, the pH of the solution is 2.69.

(iv)  0.002 M KOH:

Q49 :

Calculate the pH of the following solutions:

a)  2 g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 litre of solution.

b)  0.3 g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in water to give 500 mL of solution.

c)  0.3 g of NaOH dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution.

d)  1mL of 13.6 M HCl is diluted with water to give 1 litre of solution.

Answer :

(a)  For 2g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 L of solution:

(b)  For 0.3 g of Ca(OH)2  dissolved in water to give 500 mL of solution:

(c)  For 0.3 g of NaOH dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution:

(d)  For 1mL of 13.6 M HCl diluted with water to give 1 L of solution: 13.6 × 1 mL = M2 × 1000 mL

(Before dilution) (After dilution) 13.6 × 10–3 = M2 × 1L

M2 = 1.36 × 10–2 [H+] = 1.36 × 10–2

pH = – log (1.36 × 10–2)

= (– 0.1335 + 2)

Q50 :

The degree of ionization of a 0.1M bromoacetic acid solution is 0.132. Calculate the pH of the solution and the pKa of bromoacetic acid.

Answer :

Degree of ionization, α = 0.132 Concentration, c = 0.1 M

Thus, the concentration of H3O+ = c.α

= 0.1 × 0.132

= 0.0132

Now,

Q51 :

The pH of 0.005M codeine (C18H21NO3) solution is 9.95. Calculate its ionization constant and pKb.

Answer :

c = 0.005

pH = 9.95

pOH = 4.05

pH = – log (4.105)

Q52 :

What is the pH of 0.001 M aniline solution? The ionization constant of aniline can be taken from Table 7.7. Calculate the degree of ionization of aniline in the solution. Also calculate the ionization constant of the conjugate acid of aniline.

Answer :

Kb = 4.27 × 10–10

c = 0.001M pH =?

α =?

Thus, the ionization constant of the conjugate acid of aniline is 2.34 × 10–5.

Q53 :

Calculate the degree of ionization of 0.05M acetic acid if its pKa value is 4.74.

How is the degree of dissociation affected when its solution also contains (a) 0.01 M (b) 0.1 M in HCl?

Answer :

When HCl is added to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase. Therefore, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction i.e., dissociation of acetic acid will decrease.

Case I: When 0.01 M HCl is taken.

Let x be the amount of acetic acid dissociated after the addition of HCl.

Case II: When 0.1 M HCl is taken.

Let the amount of acetic acid dissociated in this case be X. As we have done in the first case, the concentrations of various species involved in the reaction are:

Q54 :

The ionization constant of dimethylamine is 5.4 x 10-4. Calculate its degree of ionization in its 0.02 M solution. What percentage of dimethylamine is ionized if the solution is also 0.1 M in NaOH?

Answer :

Now, if 0.1 M of NaOH is added to the solution, then NaOH (being a strong base) undergoes complete ionization.

And,

It means that in the presence of 0.1 M NaOH, 0.54% of dimethylamine will get dissociated.

Q55 :

Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following biological fluids whose pH are given below:

(a)  Human muscle-fluid, 6.83

(b)  Human stomach fluid, 1.2

(c)  Human blood, 7.38

(d)  Human saliva, 6.4.

Answer :

(a)  Human muscle fluid 6.83:

pH = 6.83

pH = - log [H+]

∴6.83 = - log [H+] [H+] =1.48 x 10-7 M

(b)  Human stomach fluid, 1.2:

pH =1.2

1.2 = - log [H+]

∴[H+] = 0.063

(c)  Human blood, 7.38:

pH = 7.38 = - log [H+]

∴ [H+] = 4.17 x 10-8 M

(d)  Human saliva, 6.4:

pH = 6.4

6.4 = - log [H+] [H+] = 3.98 x 10-7

Q56 :

The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8 respectively. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.

Answer :

The hydrogen ion concentration in the given substances can be calculated by using the given relation: pH = –log [H+]

(i)  pH of milk = 6.8 Since, pH = –log [H+]

6.8 = –log [H+] log [H+] = –6.8

[H+] = anitlog(–6.8)

=

(ii)  pH of black coffee = 5.0 Since, pH = –log [H+]

5.0 = –log [H+] log [H+] = –5.0

[H+] = anitlog(–5.0)

=

(iii)  pH of tomato juice = 4.2 Since, pH = –log [H+]

4.2 = –log [H+] log [H+] = –4.2

[H+] = anitlog(–4.2)

=

(iv)  pH of lemon juice = 2.2 Since, pH = –log [H+]

2.2 = –log [H+] log [H+] = –2.2

[H+] = anitlog(–2.2)

=

(v)  pH of egg white = 7.8 Since, pH = –log [H+]

7.8 = –log [H+] log [H+] = –7.8

[H+] = anitlog(–7.8)