Basis of Classification: Levels of Organisation and Symmetry

Animal Kingdom • Biology

Concept Summary

With over a million species of animals described, a systematic classification is essential, and it also helps in assigning a position to newly described species. Although all animals are multicellular, they differ in the fundamental features used for classification: arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom and patterns of digestive, circulatory and reproductive systems. The first basis is the level of organisation. In sponges, cells are loose aggregates with some division of labour, which is the cellular level. In coelenterates, cells performing the same function form tissues, the tissue level. Platyhelminthes and higher phyla show the organ level, where tissues form organs specialised for a function. Annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates show the organ system level, where organs associate into systems with a specific physiological function. Organ systems vary in complexity. A digestive system with a single opening serving as both mouth and anus, as in Platyhelminthes, is incomplete, whereas a complete one has separate mouth and anus. A circulatory system is open when blood leaves the heart and directly bathes cells, and closed when blood flows through vessels. The second basis is symmetry. Sponges are mostly asymmetrical. In radial symmetry, any plane through the central axis gives identical halves, as in coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms. In bilateral symmetry, only one plane gives identical left and right halves, as in annelids and arthropods.

Key Notes
  • Over a million animal species are described; classification also places newly described species systematically.
  • Features used: arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, and digestive, circulatory and reproductive patterns.
  • Cellular level: loose cell aggregates with some division of labour (sponges).
  • Tissue level: cells with the same function form tissues (coelenterates).
  • Organ level: tissues grouped into organs (Platyhelminthes and higher phyla).
  • Organ system level: organs form functional systems (Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Chordates).
  • Incomplete digestive system has one opening (mouth and anus together); complete system has mouth and anus.
  • Open circulation: blood pumped out of heart bathes cells directly; closed circulation: blood flows in arteries, veins and capillaries.
  • Symmetry: sponges mostly asymmetrical; coelenterates, ctenophores, echinoderms radial; annelids, arthropods bilateral.
Important Equations

Order of increasing complexity

\[ \text{Cellular} \rightarrow \text{Tissue} \rightarrow \text{Organ} \rightarrow \text{Organ system} \]

Digestive system

\[ \text{Incomplete} = 1\ \text{opening} \qquad \text{Complete} = 2\ \text{openings (mouth + anus)} \]
Flow Chart
Multicellular animal body
Mind Map
  • Levels of Organisation and Symmetry
    • Levels of organisation
      • Cellular: sponges
      • Tissue: coelenterates
      • Organ: Platyhelminthes
      • Organ system: Annelids to Chordates
    • Organ system patterns
      • Digestive: incomplete or complete
      • Circulatory: open or closed
    • Symmetry
      • Asymmetrical: sponges
      • Radial: coelenterates, ctenophores, echinoderms
      • Bilateral: annelids, arthropods
Graphic Organiser
Feature Asymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry
Dividing planeNo plane through the centre gives equal halvesAny plane through the central axis gives identical halvesOnly one plane gives identical left and right halves
ExamplesSponges (mostly)Coelenterates, ctenophores, echinodermsAnnelids, arthropods and others
Level of organisation (example)Cellular (Porifera)Tissue (Cnidaria)Organ or organ system (Annelida)