Phylum Ctenophora

Animal Kingdom • Biology

Concept Summary

Ctenophores are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies. They are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with a tissue level of organisation. The most distinctive feature is the presence of eight external rows of ciliated comb plates on the body, which help in locomotion. Digestion in ctenophores is both extracellular and intracellular. Bioluminescence, the property of a living organism to emit light, is well marked in ctenophores. Sexes are not separate, so the animals are hermaphrodite. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means; there is no asexual reproduction. Fertilisation is external, and development is indirect. Examples of this phylum are Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana. In the broad classification, ctenophores are grouped with cnidarians as radially symmetrical animals with a tissue level of organisation and an incomplete digestive system, but they differ in having comb plates rather than cnidoblasts, in being exclusively marine, and in reproducing only sexually. These contrasts are common in NEET-style questions. Remember that comb plates are the only locomotory organs of the phylum and that the property of bioluminescence is especially well developed here, which makes it a useful identification point for the phylum in the exam.

Key Notes
  • Commonly called sea walnuts or comb jellies.
  • Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic.
  • Tissue level of organisation.
  • Eight external rows of ciliated comb plates help in locomotion.
  • Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
  • Bioluminescence is well marked.
  • Sexes are not separate.
  • Only sexual reproduction; fertilisation is external with indirect development.
  • Examples: Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana.
Important Equations

Locomotory structures

\[ 8\ \text{rows of ciliated comb plates} \]

Characters

\[ \text{Radial} + \text{Diploblastic} + \text{Tissue level} + \text{Exclusively marine} \]
Flow Chart
Marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic body
Mind Map
  • Phylum Ctenophora
    • General
      • Sea walnuts, comb jellies
      • Exclusively marine
      • Radial, diploblastic
    • Structure and physiology
      • Eight rows of comb plates
      • Extracellular and intracellular digestion
      • Bioluminescence
    • Reproduction
      • Sexes not separate
      • Only sexual
      • External fertilisation
      • Indirect development
    • Examples
      • Pleurobrachia
      • Ctenoplana
Graphic Organiser
Feature Ctenophora Cnidaria
HabitatExclusively marineAquatic, mostly marine
Distinctive structureComb platesCnidoblasts
ReproductionOnly sexualAsexual and sexual (polyp and medusa)
FertilisationExternalNot specified in the text
ExamplesPleurobrachia, CtenoplanaAurelia, Hydra, Obelia